Highlights
- •Bone Calcium/Phosphorous ratio estimated through a Dual-Energy method.
- •Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and K-edge filtering were used.
- •Analytical modeling was used for the optimization of irradiation parameters.
- •Accuracy and precision were determined using different Calcium/Phosphorous.
Abstract
Non-invasive dual energy methods have been used extensively on osteoporosis diagnosis
estimating parameters, such as, Bone Mineral Density (BMD) and Bone Mineral Content
(BMC). In this study, an X-ray dual energy method (XRDE) was developed for the estimation
of the bone Calcium-to-Phosphorous (Ca/P) mass ratio, as a bone quality index. The
optimized irradiation parameters were assessed by performing analytical model simulations.
X-ray tube output, filter material and thickness were used as input parameters. A
single exposure technique, combined with K-edge filtering, was applied. The optimal
X-ray spectra were selected according to the resulted precision and accuracy values.
Experimental evaluation was performed on an XRDE system incorporating a Cadmium Telluride
(CdTe) photon counting detector and three bone phantoms with different nominal mass
Ca/P ratios. Additionally, the phantoms’ mass Ca/P ratios were validated with energy-dispersive
X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Simulation results showed that the optimum filter atomic
number (Z) ranges between 57 and 70. The optimum spectrum was obtained at 100 kVp,
filtered with Cerium (Ce), with a surface density of 0.88 g/cm2. All Ca/P ratio measurements were found to be accurate to within 1.6% of the nominal
values, while the precision ranged between 0.91 and 1.37%. The accuracy and precision
values of the proposed non-invasive method contributes to the assessment of the bone
quality state through the mass Ca/P ratio determination.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: February 25, 2015
Accepted:
January 29,
2015
Received in revised form:
January 27,
2015
Received:
November 28,
2014
Identification
Copyright
© 2015 Associazione Italiana di Fisica Medica. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
