Highlights
- •Gy dose threshold for fetal dose to limit adverse effect of radiation.
- •Estimate fetal dose with Monte Carlo method or phantom measurement before treatment.
- •Shielding and dose reduction techniques to further reduce out-of-field dose.
- •Neutrons contribute most to fetal out-of-field dose in proton therapy.
- •Use of daily CBCT in IGRT for pregnant patient should be carefully considered.
Abstract
This paper aims to review on fetal dose in radiotherapy and extends and updates on
a previous work1 to include proton therapy. Out-of-field doses, which are the doses received by regions
outside of the treatment field, are unavoidable regardless of the treatment modalities
used during radiotherapy. In the case of pregnant patients, fetal dose is a major
concern as it has long been recognized that fetuses exposed to radiation have a higher
probability of suffering from adverse effects such as anatomical malformations and
even fetal death, especially when the threshold is exceeded. In spite of the low occurrence of cancer during pregnancy,
the radiotherapy team should be equipped with the necessary knowledge to deal with
fetal dose. This is crucial so as to ensure that the fetus is adequately protected
while not compromising the patient treatment outcomes. In this review paper, various
aspects of fetal dose will be discussed ranging from biological, clinical to the physics
aspects. Other than fetal dose resulting from conventional photon therapy, this paper
will also extend the discussion to modern treatment modalities and techniques, namely
proton therapy and image-guided radiotherapy, all of which have seen a significant
increase in use in current radiotherapy. This review is expected to provide readers
with a comprehensive understanding of fetal dose in radiotherapy, and to be fully
aware of the steps to be taken in providing radiotherapy for pregnant patients.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: December 23, 2022
Accepted:
December 16,
2022
Received in revised form:
November 9,
2022
Received:
September 5,
2022
Identification
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© 2022 Associazione Italiana di Fisica Medica e Sanitaria. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
